Usps address verification api - The Address Standardization API validates and standardizes USPS domestic addresses, city and state names, and ZIP Codes in accordance with USPS …

 
Maps APIs is to request your users verify their addresses on a map. If I were in your shoes, though, I wouldn't go that route. The reason address verification services are so expensive is that they require licenses and ongoing relationships with grumpy, bureaucratic postal authorities (including the Royal Mail).. Bravo stream

In today’s digital age, businesses rely heavily on accurate customer data for various operations. One crucial aspect is ensuring that the postal addresses provided by customers are...Address Verification Pricing. Set up your test account, get access to detailed API docs or dev support. Easily switch to live mode with just a click when ready. Standard US and Canada only. International Includes 245+ countries verification and enhanced features. Bulk Verification Upload and verify up to 200k addresses at a time. Yearly (Save 10%)Step 2: Create Your Mailing List CSV File. After registering on the website, you are all set to use PostGrid’s address verification tool. All you need now is the CSV or Excel file containing your address data or mailing list. The simplest CSV file form includes the customer list name and corresponding address data.Our address verification solution will verify, correct and enrich addresses for 250 countries and territories, all via a single API. Format to certify and save Our Verify engine will perform certified data processing for postal authority-approved address verification in the U.S., Canada and Australia, returning addresses formats that are CASS ...Good morning, Quartz readers! Good morning, Quartz readers! Congress is returning early for a vote on the US postal service. House speaker Nancy Pelosi is trying to block operation...Maps APIs is to request your users verify their addresses on a map. If I were in your shoes, though, I wouldn't go that route. The reason address verification services are so expensive is that they require licenses and ongoing relationships with grumpy, bureaucratic postal authorities (including the Royal Mail).Using our advanced API, your addresses are instantly cross-referenced against our authoritative databases. The moment you input an address, our system begins ...The best way to confirm an address is by looking up the ZIP code, which can be done at USPS.com. To do this, enter the address given, including the street number, name, city and st...Unfortunately, the addresses returned by the Google Places API autocomplete may not match those in the USPS system. This is because Google is providing a geocoding service, not an address validation service. While this may help in the context of an app that offers directions and map pins, it is not typically suitable for the precision …How Melissa's Address Verification & Validation Service Works. 1 Capture Address. Autocompletes and/or verifies a postal address at point of entry so bad data never enters your system. 2 Parse Address. Uses proprietary lexicons & rules to parse an address into its component parts. 3 Standardize Address. Conforms an address to USPS standards …Nov 9, 2022 · Address Validation API is CASS CertifiedTM from USPS®, which means developers can match against U.S. Postal Service® data. Explore the demo and see how the API responds to common address mistakes. Representative experience of using Address Validation at checkout and order confirmation. Benefits of using Address Validation The Address/Standardization "Verify" API, which corrects errors in street addresses, including abbreviations and missing information, and supplies ZIP Codes and ZIP Codes + 4. The Verify API supports up to five lookups per transaction. By eliminating address errors, you will improve overall package delivery service. Description. The Addresses API validates and corrects address information, eliminating errors, improving package delivery service and package pricing. This …We detail the money order tracking process for all major issuers, including MoneyGram, Western Union, and USPS. You can track most money orders any time after purchase. Their trace...In today’s digital age, accurate customer data is crucial for the success of any business. One key aspect of customer data is their postal addresses. The first and foremost benefit...Address Verification that just works - the way it’s supposed to! We recently reviewed service providers for address verification - checked out Google's offering and USPS but when looking at uptime and speed of returning info - Smarty couldn't be beat. Our e-commerce solutions wouldn't work without the reliable info Smarty provides for us.Click the APIs drop-down and select the Address Validation API. To view the quota limits, scroll down to the Requests card. A table lists the quota names and limits. To change a quota limit, click the Edit icon for that limit. In the dialog that appears, in the Quota Limit field, enter the preferred billable daily quota limit (up to the quota ...Look Up a ZIP Code ™. Look Up a ZIP Code. ™. Enter a corporate or residential street address, city, and state to see a specific ZIP Code ™. Enter city and state to see all the ZIP Codes ™ for that city. Enter a ZIP Code ™ to see the cities it covers. Licensing Announcement: SHA‐256 Products on EPF. To comply with the recommendations from the December 2014 Office of Inspector General (OIG) audit of the NCOALink® program, the USPS® will transition the monthly AMS API data from SHA‐1 to SHA‐256 technology as the method for data encryption. Licensing Announcement: SHA‐256 Products on EPF. To comply with the recommendations from the December 2014 Office of Inspector General (OIG) audit of the NCOALink® program, the USPS® will transition the monthly AMS API data from SHA‐1 to SHA‐256 technology as the method for data encryption. The USPS® provides the most accurate and up-to-date mailing information for millions of consumers. By cross-checking addresses against the USPS® data and ensuring proper formatting, Experian’s address validation tool is one of the most reliable, most effective address verification tools. With access to valid addresses, your business saves ...Address lookup on a global scale. Postcoder delivers the scale you need for global commerce. Approaching 1 million requests per day, it delivers lightning quick response times and supreme reliability wherever your customers are based. 244. countries for address lookup. 700k+. API requests per average day. 99.99%.Bulk address verification or batch address validation allows anyone to verify bulk addresses and get corresponding results (corrected, verified, failed) of postal office formats. Verify addresses with Postal Office (USPS, Canada Post, Royal Mail, Australia Post, etc) Address formats. Bulk Verify Address from CSV File.Address verification software service makes use of API and CRM integration with the existing database to fetch data from your system. It ensures that the data collected is accurate, up to date, and well-standardized according to the local postal address.The Address Validation APIs can be used in conjunction with USPS SHIPPING OR MAILING SERVICES ONLY. The Address API must only be used on an individual transactional basis, i.e. not batch processing or cleansing of a database, but as a customer enters the information into a form on a website. Failure to comply with these terms and …Here are some of choices: Use www.usps.com to check the ZIP Codes in your list. Process your address list through CASS-certified software . Address List Correction Service. You can submit a printout of your list to the Postal Service and we will mark any changes. There is a fee for this service.Here are some of choices: Use www.usps.com to check the ZIP Codes in your list. Process your address list through CASS-certified software . Address List Correction Service. You can submit a printout of your list to the Postal Service and we will mark any changes. There is a fee for this service.Address Validation API has a default rate limit of 6000 Queries Per Minute (QPM). See Usage limits and billing for more information. Is the Address …The Address Verification API or Address Validation API is an address verification software service that accepts an address, identifies address components and validates them to local postal service standards. It also standardizes the address for mailing and finds the best known latitude/longitude coordinates for it.A new numeric unique identifier system has created confusion with many bank customers. Nearly 20 months ago, Nigeria’s Central Bank called for the country’s 52 million bank account...With standard Salesforce functionality, users have to complete address details manually. Based on the errors admins discover over time, they are burdened with data clean-up, and also creating and managing complex validation rules. An address validation solution adds that important layer of validation, providing a better experience for both ... US Street Address API. Upgrade your business's address data accuracy with ease, using Smarty's easy-to-implement US Street API featuring lightning-fast speeds and 99.9999% uptime. Connect with an Address Expert. US Street Address API US ZIP Code API US Autocomplete Pro API US Extract API International Street Address API International Address ... Autocomplete, Clean, Verify and Standardise addresses to local postal standards All our addresses are CASS and SERP certified ensuring high delivery success rate Bulk Verify – Upload and verify up to 200k addresses at a time; Set up within minutes using our detailed API docs and test API keysThe verification tools such as PostGrid searches for the addresses in the official address database once they have gone through parsing and formatting. It is at this point the US postal service address verification happens. If the search results match, the address is valid, and if not, the address is invalid.The Address Verification API is certified by Canada Post to ensure that each address entered is validated before it enters your database. Addresses are standardized and any missing elements such as Postal Codes are added to deliverable addresses. No more incomplete addresses, incorrect Postal Codes or misspelled street …In the world of e-commerce, ensuring accurate and reliable shipping is essential for customer satisfaction and business success. One crucial aspect of this process is US postal add...Dec 8, 2016 · Get access to USPS APIs when you register for a Web Tools user account. Register Now. Once registered, you will automatically receive an email containing your assigned Web Tools User ID. After you receive this email, you can use the following APIs: Price Calculators; Service Standards & Commitments; Address Information; Package Pickup We’ve told you before about the bogus package delivery scam and the threat that package thieves pose to your shipped goods. Now an oldie but baddie scam involving outgoing mail dro... AMS API is software used to develop address matching software that provides access to USPS matching logic, which allows users to verify the accuracy of ZIP + 4 returns. The test utility can be used to ensure the Address Matching System and data files have been installed correctly and to provide access to USPS matching logic, which displays the ... Address Verification is a straightforward process that verifies and standardizes addresses. It ensures that addresses are accurate, adhere to USPS standards, and can receive mail. This precision in addressing compliance minimizes errors, enhances data quality, and ensures that your mail reaches its intended destination without complications.NCOALink® NCOA is a system of record for all COA requests and is used to produce the NCOA Link product. The NCOA Link Product is a secure dataset of approximately 160 million permanent change-of-address (COA) records constructed from names and addresses of individuals, families, and businesses who have filed a change-of-address with the Postal …Learn how to use the Address Information APIs to validate, standardize, and lookup addresses for USPS shipping or mailing services. See the API signature, request …Check shipping rates, verify addresses, track packages, schedule package pickups, and more through USPS Web Tools. USPS Web Tools APIs let ecommerce website and shipping software developers access USPS data and features free of charge. See moreThe United States Postal Service® (USPS®) 1 maintains the Coding Accuracy Support System (CASS™) to support and certify address validation providers. The Address Validation API is a CASS Certified™ service that you can optionally use as part of the address validation process. For more information, see Validate an address. Postal Address Verification (PAV) is an API (Application Programming Interface). The API allows a business's IT department to configure the Web Service on a web page, application or database with a few lines of code. There is no software to buy or install, no complex system to learn and the service's data is automatically updated each month. The US Postal Service (USPS) has announced proposed temporary rate hikes for the 2021 peak holiday season. * Required Field Your Name: * Your E-Mail: * Your Remark: Friend's Name: ...According to a new survey, the United States Postal Service (USPS), Amazon and Google are ranked as the most trusted brands in America. Here's some lessons. United States Postal Se... Do you need to validate an address before sending mail or packages? Use the USPS online tool to check if an address is valid, complete, and standardized according to USPS guidelines. You can also find the correct ZIP Code and city name for any address in the U.S. Click here to Look up ZIP Codes™ for corporate and residential addresses. ZIP Code by Address. Enter street address, city, and state to see a specific ZIP Code. Note: A ZIP Code result does not confirm that a person or company is at that address. If you searched for a company and did not get the results you expected, search again either ...Autocomplete, Clean, Verify and Standardise addresses to local postal standards All our addresses are CASS and SERP certified ensuring high delivery success rate Bulk Verify – Upload and verify up to 200k addresses at a time; Set up within minutes using our detailed API docs and test API keysThis online tool uses Geoapify Geocoding API for address validation. You can validate addresses from XLSX, CSV, TXT files, or just copy & paste addresses from a table or list. The result table contains original addresses, validation results, mapped addresses, their latitude & longitude coordinates, and address components. We provide the ...This question is about 60MonthLoans @grace_enfield • 11/25/21 This answer was first published on 11/25/21. For the most current information about a financial product, you should al...Businesses can also use the same API for on-demand address verification. It is highly flexible. So it depends on them how many delivery addresses they want to validate. 24 x 7 Customer Support. Our on-demand and batch address verification comes with a 24×7 customer assistance system. Thus, you can contact us anytime and get the necessary help.NCOALink® NCOA is a system of record for all COA requests and is used to produce the NCOA Link product. The NCOA Link Product is a secure dataset of approximately 160 million permanent change-of-address (COA) records constructed from names and addresses of individuals, families, and businesses who have filed a change-of-address with the Postal … To enhance the commercial customer experience, the United States Postal Service® has deployed a new API Gateway and API Developer Portal to provide leading-edge, scalable API management. This will replace legacy Web Tools® eCommerce interfaces at a future date. Benefits include: Modernized RESTful, HTTP-based APIs Address Information System (AIS) Products Pricing. Pricing guide for Address Information System (AIS) products, including Carrier Route, ZIP + 4 ®, Five-Digit ZIP ®, City State, Delivery Statistics, Z4Change, ZIPMove, eLOT ® , and RDI™. January 19, 2024. Download.The LeadsPlease USPS Address Lookup tool is quick and easy to use, and confirms deliverable addresses within seconds. . To run an address search, simply input the Street Address, City, State, and specific Zip code that you’d like to lookup and verify, and then click on the orange button ‘USPS Address Lookup’. Within seconds, the tool …5 days ago · USPS CASS™ option. The United States Postal Service® (USPS®) 1 maintains the Coding Accuracy Support System (CASS™) to support and certify address validation providers. Note: The Address Validation API is confirmed as a CASS-Certified™ service. This means the service is confirmed for its ability to fill in missing address information ... Nov 28, 2018 ... As mentioned above, the majority of the work you need to do is on the USPS side like connecting to their service, using/ calling there method ...Our address verification solution will verify, correct and enrich addresses for 250 countries and territories, all via a single API. Format to certify and save Our Verify engine will perform certified data processing for postal authority-approved address verification in the U.S., Canada and Australia, returning addresses formats that are CASS ... The Domestic Labels API supports creation of domestic shipping labels with Intelligent Mail Package Barcodes (IMpb). Along with label and barcode creation in PDF, TIFF, SVG, JPG, ZPL203DPI, or ZPL300DPI format, this API validates addresses, confirms product availability, calculates postage, and generates the required Shipping Services File in accordance with USPS Publication 199. AMS API is software used to develop address matching software that provides access to USPS matching logic, which allows users to verify the accuracy of ZIP + 4 returns. The test utility can be used to ensure the Address Matching System and data files have been installed correctly and to provide access to USPS matching logic, which displays the ... The Domestic Labels API supports creation of domestic shipping labels with Intelligent Mail Package Barcodes (IMpb). Along with label and barcode creation in PDF, TIFF, SVG, JPG, ZPL203DPI, or ZPL300DPI format, this API validates addresses, confirms product availability, calculates postage, and generates the required Shipping Services File in accordance with USPS Publication 199. 1 Answer. The address you input contained the suite number (STE K) so there is no ambiguity with the result. It is a "precise match". If you remove the "STE K" from the input address, the response will contain a ZIP + 4, but the DPV parameters will indicate that the match is a "default match". This type of match occurs with high rises and ...Mar 18, 2024 · 19142. Step 2A. After you submit the address to the USPS address validation API web service, a response is generated. If the system finds an exact match for the address, then the response will be that the address is valid. The address validation process is then and there if the address you used is accurate. Step 2B. 3.0 Package Tracking “Fields” API 3.1 Overview. The Package Tracking “Fields” API is similar to the Package Track API except for the request fields, API name, and the return information. Data returned still contains the detail and summary information, but this information is broken down into fields instead of having only one line of text.RapidAPI’s Marketplace lists free address lookup APIs. Address Verify and Geocode by Everything Location validates for more than 240 countries. Byteplant Postal Address Online Validator by Byteplant verifies and removes obsolete addresses. Best Street Address Validation APIsPostGrid’s API is a compiled set of web-based tools that enables you to opt for address verification and more. Additionally, it can also help you verify bulk addresses, find the valid addresses, and a lot more. Additionally, the API is super-easy to use, and it is easy to start with the same. Here's what each of the USPS address APIs can do: USPS Address Validation/Standardization API - Verifies that addresses are real, mailable, and returns them in the USPS standardized format. USPS ZIP Code Lookup API - Tells you the ZIP+4 Code for addresses you submit. USPS City/State Lookup API - Provides the city and state for a particular ZIP ... Mar 18, 2024 · 19142. Step 2A. After you submit the address to the USPS address validation API web service, a response is generated. If the system finds an exact match for the address, then the response will be that the address is valid. The address validation process is then and there if the address you used is accurate. Step 2B. Address Verify using USPS API. Contribute to nickcheek/USPSLookup development by creating an account on GitHub.PostGrid address verification API can integrate easily with multiple software programs to enhance address capture’s precision, efficiency, and convenience. You don’t need extensive effort or time to integrate our API with your web forms, CRM systems, payment gateways, or e-commerce platforms.US Autocomplete Pro API. Not only does Smarty's US Address Autocomplete API predict standardized addresses from the first keystroke for an incredible user experience, but you'll also experience the Smarty difference with a variety of SDKs, straightforward documentation, and tech support from experts. Connect with an Address Expert. USPS Web Tools FAQs 5 2.2 The labels I am printing contain a “SAMPLE -DO NOT MAIL” watermark. How can I print actual labels? The API containing "Certify" is our testing API which will only print labels with the sample watermark. Address information requests forms - USPSSample Request #1 – Verify. This API collects, “cleanses” an address, and completes the ZIP Code to validate and standardize an address before shipping …VALIDATED_CHANGED: The address is valid, but the API made changes to improve the address. For example, if an address has a valid street number and street name (e.g. “100 Elm”) but is missing the street suffix (e.g. “St”), the API would add the suffix. VALIDATED_AND_NOT_CHANGED: The address is valid. The API made no changes.Click here to Look up ZIP Codes™ for corporate and residential addresses. ZIP Code by Address. Enter street address, city, and state to see a specific ZIP Code. Note: A ZIP Code result does not confirm that a person or company is at that address. If you searched for a company and did not get the results you expected, search again either ...USPS API Solutions: How it works. An address API allows you to receive and maintain accurate data in your database by verifying and validating address data, which is critical to improving the customer experience and overall business operations. An effective address API does the following: Cleanse, correct, and standardize your address records ...Check shipping rates, verify addresses, track packages, schedule package pickups, and more through USPS Web Tools. USPS Web Tools APIs let ecommerce website and shipping software developers access USPS data and features free of charge. See moreATLANTA, Jan. 25, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- Today, Equifax® (NYSE: EFX) announced the international expansion of its industry-leading verification serv... ATLANTA, Jan. 25, 2022 /PRNews... An Address Validation API verifies that an address is real, mailable, or valid for specific uses. A USPS ZIP Code API appends ZIP codes to other address data and may provide detailed data about particular ZIP Codes. An Address Enrichment API appends additional data points about the address. Data like congressional districts, FIPS Codes, vacancy ... Send an address validation request by issuing a POST request to one of the following endpoints: validateAddress (REST) ValidateAddress (gRPC) Note: This documentation uses REST for its examples, but the approach is similar with gRPC. Your request should also pass a JSON request body to the request that defines the address …We could not find a postal code for this address. Please double-check the address for any typos or errors. If the town’s name has changed, try using the previous name. If you're looking for a new building or development, it may not have a postal code yet. Please try again in a few days.An address verification service automates the validation process. You get accurate, clean address lists without spending time checking and updating each address manually. For example, Experian’s address verification tools use Delivery Point Validation (DPV ®) to help you get the most up-to-date address information for your contacts.Step 2: Create Your Mailing List CSV File. After registering on the website, you are all set to use PostGrid’s address verification tool. All you need now is the CSV or Excel file containing your address data or mailing list. The simplest CSV file form includes the customer list name and corresponding address data.The Informed Delivery API provides shippers and mailers with the ability to integrate directly with the Informed Delivery application, which allows for more automated management of Informed Delivery campaigns. Integrators can build in-house, front-end solutions that integrate directly with the ID API. This allows integrators to build solutions ... Lob's USPS and global address verification API provides accurate and real-time postal address validation and enrichment. Try our easy-to-use APIs today. Bulk address verification or batch address validation allows anyone to verify bulk addresses and get corresponding results (corrected, verified, failed) of postal office formats. Verify addresses with Postal Office (USPS, Canada Post, Royal Mail, Australia Post, etc) Address formats. Bulk Verify Address from CSV File.Licensing Announcement: SHA‐256 Products on EPF. To comply with the recommendations from the December 2014 Office of Inspector General (OIG) audit of the NCOALink® program, the USPS® will transition the monthly AMS API data from SHA‐1 to SHA‐256 technology as the method for data encryption.We appreciate how the U.S. Postal Service opens up their data and makes it easy to access with a free USPS Web Tools® account. Their current API set includes address verification, rate calculators, shipping labels, package pickup, domestic mail service, tracking & confirmation, and even an API to retrieve Hold for Pickup facility …for limited functional verification of API requests/responses. Any secondary processes, such as Any secondary processes, such as creation of a SCAN Form or Shipping Services File, are not supported with “Certify” APIs.

Check, verify & Correct U.S. and Canadian Addresses. Use the Address Check tool to instantly check, verify and correct U.S. and Canadian addresses according to USPS and Canada Post standards. Search using type-ahead auto-completion or free form to check address. Autocomplete - Begin typing an address and select the best match.. Barcelona flights from lax

usps address verification api

Jun 17, 2021 ... Supporting multiple address verification APIs is a unique feature of our product. It is also one that at times causes confusion as many of ...Click here to Look up ZIP Codes™ for corporate and residential addresses. ZIP Code by Address. Enter street address, city, and state to see a specific ZIP Code. Note: A ZIP Code result does not confirm that a person or company is at that address. If you searched for a company and did not get the results you expected, search again either ...Just i have a Registered with USPS which provides the US Address Validation API.I am using the following code to get the XML Response.. But, unfortunately the Response says:. Authorization Failure User 'xxxxxxxxx' is not authorized to use API Verify.USPSCOM::DoAuth.Dec 8, 2016 · Get access to USPS APIs when you register for a Web Tools user account. Register Now. Once registered, you will automatically receive an email containing your assigned Web Tools User ID. After you receive this email, you can use the following APIs: Price Calculators; Service Standards & Commitments; Address Information; Package Pickup USPS address lookup allows you to find addresses, correct addresses, and verify addresses all based on the United States Postal Service (USPS) formatting guidelines. Formatting addresses according to USPS guidelines not only ensures that mail and packages get delivered to the right places, but also that delivery is as quick as possible.Autocomplete, Clean, Verify and Standardise addresses to local postal standards All our addresses are CASS and SERP certified ensuring high delivery success rate Bulk Verify – Upload and verify up to 200k addresses at a time; Set up within minutes using our detailed API docs and test API keys29. Here's a free and sort of "outside the box" way to do it. Not 100% perfect, but it should reject blatantly non-existent addresses. Submit the entire address to Google's geocoding web service. This service attempts to return the exact coordinates of the location you feed it, i.e. latitude and longitude.Because eVS integrates with other systems and business processes for data collection and performance measurement, eVS makes it easy for customers to prepare and induct parcel mailings, streamlining their internal business processes as well as those with the Postal Service. Mailers who use eVS receive these key features and benefits: No …Check, verify & Correct U.S. and Canadian Addresses. Use the Address Check tool to instantly check, verify and correct U.S. and Canadian addresses according to USPS and Canada Post standards. Search using type-ahead auto-completion or free form to check address. Autocomplete - Begin typing an address and select the best match.PostGrid’s API is a compiled set of web-based tools that enables you to opt for address verification and more. Additionally, it can also help you verify bulk addresses, find the valid addresses, and a lot more. Additionally, the API is super-easy to use, and it is easy to start with the same.US Autocomplete Pro API. Not only does Smarty's US Address Autocomplete API predict standardized addresses from the first keystroke for an incredible user experience, but you'll also experience the Smarty difference with a variety of SDKs, straightforward documentation, and tech support from experts. Connect with an Address Expert.Twitter is thinking about launching an organizational verification plan that doesn't cost $1,000 a month for small businesses. Twitter is thinking about an organizational verificat... This API returns tracking status and related details for a given USPS package, including scan events and their date, time, and location. The Tracking APIs allow you to integrate the status of your shipment into your customer-facing experience and internal fulfillment processes that will benefit your company by: Providing your customers with the ... Failure to comply with these terms and conditions can result in termination of USPS API access without prior notice. 2.0 Address Validation API 2.1 Overview. The Address/Standardization “Verify” API, which corrects errors in street addresses, including abbreviations and missing information, and supplies ZIP Codes and ZIP Codes + 4. Note first that, while the USPS is the authority on address data, their forte is NOT maintaining an API and providing support. Also, be sure to note the agreement which you signed: User agrees to use the USPS Web site, APIs and USPS data to facilitate USPS shipping transactions only.The address verification API integrates with your system and automatically fetches all of your customers’ details within seconds. The next step is verifying the data it has just fetched. For this step, the address validation software checks every single address present in your system with the official database of Royal Mail.USPS offers Address Verification APIs. You can either make use of their full address verification API or use a simple ZIP code lookup. USPS even has a web interface through which you can verify ZIP code s with USPS. However, there is one major catch in using USPS’s free ZIP code verification.Conclusion. The USPS Postal Address Verification tool is available for free on the USPS website and can be used to occasionally verify USPS addresses. Users can enter an address into the tool and receive standardized address information and delivery point validation results. Additionally, developers can integrate the USPS web API into a ….

Popular Topics