A wall height of about 2.5-3.5 inches is good as a manageable entry or exit point while also being able to keep the litter inside the box. Veterinarian. Exequiel F. Brobio, DVM. This type of cat litter is best recommended for geriatric cats, as well as cats that have undergone leg surgeries.Are you considering adding a new furry member to your family? Buying a cat can be an exciting experience, but it’s essential to find the perfect kitten that suits your lifestyle an...The personality of the runt of the cat litter . The personality of an adult cat is significantly influenced by its experience as a kitten. Kittens who are cuddled are more likely to enjoy petting as an adult. Kittens with negative dog experiences are less likely to get along with dogs. Runts don’t have any particular personality traits. Fresh Step Multi-Cat Extra Strength Scented Clumping Cat Litter with the Power of Febreze. (22453) $17.49 – $28.29. Same Day Delivery Eligible. Cats may urinate outside of the litter box due to social conflicts and fights. These conflicts may result from various issues. Multi-story properties with narrow stairways can easily create territorial struggles when cats housed together. An assertive cat may prevent a nervous cat from getting to the litter tray. 4.There are normally 2-5 cats in a litter, though four is most common, and 1-12 is ‘average.’. Pedigreed cats like the Burmese and Siamese tend to have larger litters (closer to 4-5), while a queen’s first litter will be slightly smaller than subsequent births. Larger kittens equal smaller litters. Though far less rare than in the 1980s ...Crystal cat litter. This article will help you find the best crystal cat litter out in the market today. at a glance: our top 5 picks for crystal cat litter. Our #1 Choice: PetSafe ScoopFree Premium Crystal Cat Litter. Fresh Step Crystals Premium Cat Litter. Dr. Elsey's Precious Cat Crystal Silica. ZenKitty Crystal Cat Litter. Arm & Hammer Clump & Seal Platinum Multi-Cat Complete Odor Sealing Clumping Cat Litter, 14 Days of Odor Control 18lb, Online Exclusive Formula. Options: 6 sizes. 43,204. 10K+ bought in past month. $1799 ($0.06/Ounce) $17.09 with Subscribe & Save discount. FREE delivery Fri, Mar 22 on $35 of items shipped by Amazon. Or fastest delivery Thu, Mar 21. Clay. There are two types of cat litter made from clay: non-clumping and clumping. Clay-based non-clumping cat litter was introduced to the market in 1947, and in the 1980s, clumping cat litter was discovered. Prior to that, cat parents relied on sand (which is why cats can't resist an uncovered children's sandbox). For non-clumping, scoop solid waste daily and toss out all of the litter to replace at least once a week (again, more often if you have multiple cats). Regularly clean out the box with fragrance-free soap and water as well. Never punish your cat for not using the litter box. Accidents happen, and they are frustrating. If you’re looking for an all-natural option that will keep your Ragdoll cat happy and healthy, World’s Best Cat Litter is a great choice. Best Overall. World's Best CAT Litter Multiple Cat Unscented. $38.62. …Jan 8, 2024 · 3. Feline Pine Original Non-Clumping Kitten Litter. While you may have seen litter sand made of grass and clay, this particular brand makes their cat litter with pines. Not only is it safe to use for your kitty, it also deters your pet from trying to eat it, as is the case with other types of litter. The cat furniture company tuft + paw now makes a “really great” cat litter made from tofu. This product is an excellent choice for the health-minded buyer as it’s free from synthetic fragrances, artificial colors, and toxic ingredients.In fact, it only uses five ingredients: soybean fiber, corn starch, corn flour, guar gum, and charcoal.1. World’s Best Scoopable Cat Clumping Cat Litter. While this litter is not marketed specifically for kittens, it ticks all the boxes for a kitten litter while clumping. … Cat Litter Boxes and Accessories . Choosing the best litter box for your cat or kitten is a crucial step in becoming a pet parent. Selecting a cat litter box might seem like a simple task—and it certainly doesn’t need to be difficult—but there are lots of options to consider. Good litter: Kittens have a strong sense of smell (about 14 times stronger than humans) and prefer soft, unscented, and dust-free clumping litter. Avoid using litter deodorizers or air fresheners. The correct number of boxes: The ideal number of litter boxes in a house is one box per cat plus one. Arm & Hammer Clump & Seal Platinum Multi-Cat Complete Odor Sealing Clumping Cat Litter, 14 Days of Odor Control 18lb, Online Exclusive Formula. Options: 6 sizes. 43,204. 10K+ bought in past month. $1799 ($0.06/Ounce) $17.09 with Subscribe & Save discount. FREE delivery Fri, Mar 22 on $35 of items shipped by Amazon. Or fastest delivery Thu, Mar 21. The Feline Pine Non-Clumping Cat Litter tackles odors naturally, so the litter box still smells fresh without exposing your kitten to synthetic perfumes and harsh chemicals. The pine fibers quickly absorb liquid, locking away ammonia odors. The litter contains no clay, so there’s no clay dust to worry about. noly/Pixabay.Consequences of single kitten syndrome, it is said, is that the kitten will become bored, become stressed, won’t learn bite inhibition, and will exhibit behavioral problems. These problems include chewing or scratching objects and urinating or defecating outside the litterbox. Also Read: How To Take Care Of A Kitten: The Complete Guide.By Paige Cerulli May 21, 2021. Whether you’ve just brought home a new kitten or are helping a mama cat care for her litter of kittens, it’s important to create a safe environment for them. A litter box is an …Amazon Brand - Lifelong Bentonite Premium Cat Litter Baby Powder Scent, 10L (Pack of 1) 14,721. 5 offers from £10.88. #8. Amazon Brand - Lifelong Clumping Corn Cat Litter, Unscented, 10 L (Pack of 1) 4,774. 1 offer from £10.79. #9. …Aug 26, 2022 ... A lonesome kitten came running to a litter of four and decided he would be their new brother. Colin the kittenPenny RichardsA neonatal ...Find out the best cat litters for kittens based on testing and reviews from The Spruce Pets. Learn about the features, pros, and cons of different types of cat litters, such as wood pellets, paper pellets, clay, and clay alternatives. Compare prices, ratings, and availability of each product. See moreOct 14, 2023 · The number of kittens per litter can range quite a bit, but it’s common for cats to have three to six kittens at a time. That said, cats may also have just one kitten, or as many as 19 kittens! In theory, a cat can give birth to 280 kittens over her lifetime. Cats can get pregnant starting around 4 months old, with each pregnancy lasting ...Maintenance of your cat's litter box depends on the type of litter you use, how many cats you own, and your cats' individual needs. 02. Scoop solid waste twice daily; fully empty and clean the tray once a week if using non-clumping litter and every two to four weeks for clumping litter. 03. Inadequate litter box cleaning can lead to parasite ...Feb 15, 2018 ... Female cats can be impregnated by more than one male, or tomcat, during a single ovulation period. It's a phenomenon called “heteropaternal ...Apr 11, 2019 ... What is the best cat litter for kittens? · Clay litter is available in both clumping and non-clumping varieties. · Natural litter can be made of ... The best way to determine your cat’s litter preference is to set up a “litter cafeteria.”. This allows the cat to make his selection from a number of different choices. To do this, you need at least a few uncovered litter boxes that are the same other than the type of litter that they contain. Cats will preferentially eliminate in the box ... Sanicat Strong Clumps Clumping Cat Litter with Baby Powder Scent 10 Litre. 10 Litre. £17.99. Add to basket. 1. 2. Discover our range of kitten litter products specially designed to help young cats become house-trained. From odour-minimising litter to litter trays. Cats that are pregnant for the first time typically have two to three kittens per litter. This is somewhat less than the average litter size, which ranges between three to five. Ca...Mar 31, 2022 · 1. Shred Newspaper and Junk Mail. One of the easiest materials to use in the cat's litter box is plain newspaper. After all, it is what the vet suggests after surgeries and during wound healings to keep the areas clean. Newspaper is plentiful, it is cheap, and your cat may even be willing to use it. On the other hand, they may not.Oct 14, 2023 · The number of kittens per litter can range quite a bit, but it’s common for cats to have three to six kittens at a time. That said, cats may also have just one kitten, or as many as 19 kittens! In theory, a cat can give birth to 280 kittens over her lifetime. Cats can get pregnant starting around 4 months old, with each pregnancy lasting ...1. Best Overall Cat Litter. Dr. Elsey's Ultra Premium Clumping Cat Litter. $21 at Amazon. 2. Best Value Cat Litter. Special …Jun 4, 2021 · Newborn kittens may be born fully furred but they aren't done growing once they leave their mother's womb. The first week of a kitten's life is full of major changes and growth. If you have a litter of kittens it's a good idea to know what to watch for as well as know what you can do to help your kitten get off to a good start in life.Kitten Attract contains a kitten-specific natural herbal attractant that piques a kitten's curiosity to use the litter box. The combination of herbs, texture and particle size provides a unique and effective solution for owners of kittens. - All-natural cat litter that is hard clumping, scoopable and 99% dust-free.Cat Attract® Litter Guaranteed to Bring Cats Back to the Litter Box. Non-use of the litter box is the #1 behavioral reason cats are abandoned, abused and placed in shelters. Cat Attract® is an effective solution to this often misunderstood problem. Touch of …Kittens should eat or sleep 90% of the time during the first two weeks of life. If they cry during or after eating, it may indicate that they are ill, are not getting adequate milk, or the milk has become infected (mastitis). If excessive crying occurs, your veterinarian should examine the mother and her entire litter as soon as possible.Cat Attract® Litter Guaranteed to Bring Cats Back to the Litter Box. Non-use of the litter box is the #1 behavioral reason cats are abandoned, abused and placed in shelters. Cat Attract® is an effective solution to this often misunderstood problem. Touch of …Tidy Cats Litter Box System, BREEZE System Starter Kit Litter Box, Litter Pellets & Pads. Rated 4.1382 out of 5 stars. 2,185. $42.98 Chewy Price. $42.99 List Price. FREE 1-3 day delivery on first-time orders. More Choices Available. More Choices Available. Omega Paw Easy Fill Roll 'n Clean Cat Litter Box, Large.Litter is an essential item for cat owners who want to keep their homes clean and odor-free. At PetO, you can find a wide range of litter products, from clumping and non-clumping to natural and eco-friendly options. Whether you need litter for kittens, adult cats, or multiple cats, PetO has the best solution for you. Shop online or visit one of our PetO stores near …By Mallory Crusta January 18, 2022. Contents of Article [ show] What’s the best cat litter for kittens? Kittens have a natural desire to eliminate in sand or soil and … The following common litter-box problems might cause her to eliminate outside of her box: You haven’t cleaned your cat’s litter box often or thoroughly enough. You haven’t provided enough litter boxes for your household. Be sure to have a litter box for each of your cats, as well as one extra. Your cat’s litter box is too small for her. The new Disney Vacation Club villas at the Disneyland Hotel have an opening period and information on when to book. Plus, DVC concept art. Save money, experience more. Check out ou...In general, FKS describes any situation where one or more kittens in a litter between birth and three months of age falls ill or dies. The first week of life is the main period of concern, and the period up to weaning (at around 3-4 weeks of age) is the second most critical time. An entire litter of kittens may be affected.On average, females have four to six kittens per litter. However, they can have single births and as many as 19–though this is rare. Unless your cat has an ultrasound or X-ray performed during ...Contents of ArticleFind the healthiest, natural cat litter for your cat.Here’s what makes natural cat litter different (aka healthy).4 Key Components of a Great Natural Cat Litter1. Cat Comfort2. Natural Odor Control3. Clumping Ability4. Minimal DustTypes of Biodegradable Cat LitterWood Cat LitterPaper Cat LitterCorn Cat LitterWheat Cat … Simple and inexpensive, this litter box has an accessible entryway, high sides to keep messes in check, and a smooth interior for easy cleaning. $25 from Chewy. The Frisco High Sided Cat Litter ... Jul 31, 2018 ... Research has shown that kittens that are handled by four or five different handlers (male, female, adults and children) before they are seven ...Feb 26, 2024 · Two inches narrower than its predecessor, the Litter-Robot 4 is a sleeker, slightly more subtle addition to the home. Mallory Crusta / Cats.com. The new Litter-Robot has a larger circular opening, measuring 15” in diameter, giving your cat more room to enter than the previous model’s oblong 15.5” x 10.25” opening.Jan 9, 2024 · It can be difficult to find a litter box that checks all these boxes, so we’ve rounded up 10 of our favorites with in-depth reviews to help you find the best litter box for your kitten.Dr. Elsey's Precious Cat Kitten Attract Kitten Training Litter, Kitten Attract Litter 20lb Bo, 20 lb. 600. 400+ bought in past month. $1699 ($0.05/Ounce) FREE delivery Jul 27 - 31. (1 Bag) Skoon All-Natural Fine Grain Cat Litter, Unscented & Safe for Kittens. Light-Weight, Non-clumping, Low Maintenance. Absorbs & Seals Liquids for Best Odor ...Find out how to soak up oil spills on a garage floor or driveway the easy way using kitty litter. Watch this video to find out more. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Lat...The ScoopFree self-cleaning litter box has a reputation for consistent performance, earning a 4.1 out of 5-star rating on Amazon with almost 15,000 reviews. A combination of a metal rake and crystal cat …The 4 Best Cat Litters, Based On Extensive Testing - Forbes Vetted. We independently select all products and services. If you click through links we provide, we …The kitten's environment should stay comfortably warm and never colder than 70–75 degrees. Care. Four-week-old kittens belong with their mother full-time. Orphans of this age should be bottle fed every five hours, including overnight. Four-week-old kittens will generally be using the litter box and can begin to be introduced to toys.Dr. Elsey's Precious Cat Kitten Attract Kitten Training Litter, Kitten Attract Litter 20lb Bo, 20 lb. 600. 400+ bought in past month. $1699 ($0.05/Ounce) FREE delivery Jul 27 - 31. (1 Bag) Skoon All-Natural Fine Grain Cat Litter, Unscented & Safe for Kittens. Light-Weight, Non-clumping, Low Maintenance. Absorbs & Seals Liquids for Best Odor ...Contrary to your Instagram feed, overall adoption figures are down. A lot of people in the US had the same thought once pandemic lockdowns began in March: Now that I’m home a lot m...Browse thousands of kittens and cats for sale or adoption by breeder, owner and shelter. Adopt a cat locally from the owner or rescue. Buy kittens from a cattery or breeder worldwide. Get your pick of the litter. Browse our available cats & kittens to find the purr-fect match for your lifestyle. When you are ready, contact the cat breeders, rescues or …Mar 7, 2024 · 3. Rewards and Praise. You must create a positive association with the litter box. So, whenever your cat uses the litter box, shower them with praise. You can also provide a toy or treat that will ...Kitten Litter. Browse By. New Kitten Products. Kitten Food. Kitten Treats and Milk. Kitten Toys. Kitten Scratch Posts. Kitten Beds. Kitten Collars & Accessories. Kitten Litter …Nov 16, 2021 · What to Do if There's Blood In Your Cat's Poop. First, take pictures and track your cat's behavior. Even if your feline pal seems fine, Bragdon says you still want to document her symptoms over a couple of days and watch for any signs of deterioration so your vet has a clearer picture of her overall health. Here are other symptoms that require ...Cat Attract® Litter Guaranteed to Bring Cats Back to the Litter Box. Non-use of the litter box is the #1 behavioral reason cats are abandoned, abused and placed in shelters. Cat Attract® is an effective solution to this often misunderstood problem. Touch of Outdoors® Litter With Chemical-Free Prairie Grasses.Cats are curious creatures and can sometimes develop odd inclinations to what they eat based on texture and taste. This can lead to ingestion of interesting items that we humans would not consider edible, such as cat litter. The repeated abnormal ingestion of substances not normally eaten is a health condition known as pica.. With pica, it is …The Frisco High Sided Cat Litter Box is BPA-free and easy to clean too. For very young kittens—too young to leap the front wall—or elderly cats with mobility issues, we recommend the KittyGoHere Senior Cat Litter Box instead. Material: Plastic | Dimensions: 18 x 8.5 x 15.2 inches (medium), 24 x 10 x 18 (x-large) | Scoop Included: NoKitten Litter. Browse By. New Kitten Products. Kitten Food. Kitten Treats and Milk. Kitten Toys. Kitten Scratch Posts. Kitten Beds. Kitten Collars & Accessories. Kitten Litter …Apr 26, 2023 · Maintenance of your cat's litter box depends on the type of litter you use, how many cats you own, and your cats' individual needs. 02. Scoop solid waste twice daily; fully empty and clean the tray once a week if using non-clumping litter and every two to four weeks for clumping litter. 03. Inadequate litter box cleaning can lead to parasite ... The best cat litter can be challenging to find, not only because you need to navigate clumping vs non-clumping types and weigh up how wood pellets fare, but also because your cat has the power of veto. While there isn't much we can do about a fussy cat, we could put bestselling cat litter from Catsan, Tesco, Aldi, Asda and more to the test to ...Cats are apex predators that can wreak havoc on local biodiversity. Research shows that outdoor cats on islands have already caused or contributed to the …Feb 29, 2024 ... When to start litter training for kittens. Kittens can be litter box trained around the time they're weaned, which is about four weeks of age.Fresh Step ® Triple Action Clumping Clay Cat Litter - Low Dust. $21.99 $27.99. 3 Sizes. ExquisiCat Naturals Multi-Cat Pine Pellet Cat Litter - Unscented, Low Dust, Low …Cat's Best Wood Mini Smart Pellets Clumping Cat About Cat's BestCat's Best uses the power of combining nature and science together to create a natural, quick and reliable cat litter. The Smart Pellets range is made from natural softwood, to absorb liquids and odours up to 3 times faster ...How to Potty Train a Kitten 1. Choose the Correct Litter Box. Full-sized litter boxes may be too intimidating for your kitten. Experts agree that a 13 x 9-inch litter tray is acceptable for kittens.Oct 22, 2020 · Eat, sleep, play and poop (5 – 7 weeks) By this age, the kittens are well-versed in pooping in a box and are becoming skilled at running, jumping and climbing. They’re also eating a ton which is why we focus our litter box strategy on handling bulk deliveries. Our go-to for this age is a cement mixing pan.Jan 3, 2024 · Price per lb : $2.24 per lb. Frisco offers crystal cat litter in both clumping and non-clumping varieties. This non-clumping crystal litter has very fine, lightweight granules. Sold in 7-pound bags, the litter is very easy to manage but the small granules do tend to track more than heavier clay litters. Sep 12, 2023 · Price: $1.05/pound. A great cat litter forms hard, easy-to-scoop clumps, controls odor well, and doesn’t irritate your cat’s nose or paws. Boxiecat BoxiePro Deep Clean cat litter performs well in all three categories. BoxiePro is a sodium bentonite clay cat litter that adds probiotics for enhanced odor control.A healthy queen can potentially give birth to three litters per year, each containing up to 12 kittens. Because cats are such fertile breeders, one single unspayed female can produce 20,000 descendants over just five years. Fortunately for pet parents, the average size of a single litter is much smaller. Most litters have between four and …Shop Chewy for low prices and the best selection of cat litter boxes! Litter boxes are a huge part of your cat’s daily routine, so it’s important to find the right one. Find everything from pan litter boxes in an array of sizes to automatic litter boxes that do the dirty work. *FREE* shipping on orders $49+ and the BEST customer service!Your need for speed has a hefty price tag. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters and promotions from Money and its partners. I agree to Money's Terms of Use and Priv...Breeder's Choice Plus Kitten Litter | 9L. $16.00. $1.78 per 1L. Shop our cat litter range online or in-store. Enjoy our everyday low prices and fast delivery to your door.Purina. Material: bentonite clay, clumping. A tried and true option from Purina which features ammonia blockers for ultimate odour-reduction, this litter is made from fast-clumping bentonite clay ...Feb 22, 2024 · Ensure that the litter box is inviting. Even young kittens prefer a clean litter box, so it’s important to ensure that you are scooping the litter box daily and performing a thorough cleaning (removing the litter and scrubbing the box) every week or two. 3. Try a different cat litter or litter box This dry kitten food from Instinct is low in moisture and contains more carbs than a premium-quality wet food, but it’s better than the average kitten food. Its dry matter carbohydrate content is relatively low at just over 13% and it is comprised of 81% animal ingredients, including animal fat.Here are some cat potty training tips on when to start, how to choose litter boxes, how to pick the right type of litter, how and where to set up the litter boxes, and … SmartCat All Natural Clumping Cat Litter, 10 Pound (160oz 1 Pack) - Alternative to Clay and Pellet Litter - Chemical and 99% Dust Free - Unscented and Lightweight 4.3 out of 5 stars 4,201 2 offers from $22.28 Dec 8, 2023 · Feline Pine Platinum Non-Clumping Litter with Baking Soda. This lightweight, pellet-style litter is made of 100% highly absorbent pine fiber for natural odor control. Baking soda enhances its odor-fighting properties. Find on Chewy Find on Amazon. The secret of Feline Pine is highly absorbent pine fibers. Browse thousands of kittens and cats for sale or adoption by breeder, owner and shelter. Adopt a cat locally from the owner or rescue. Buy kittens from a cattery or breeder worldwide. Get your pick of the litter. Browse our available cats & kittens to find the purr-fect match for your lifestyle. When you are ready, contact the cat breeders, rescues or …The Petkit Pura Max Automatic Litter Box is a cube-shaped device that measures 21.18L x 24.4W x 21.73H inches. It has a 76-liter cylinder and 16-inch square litter bed to offer enough space for larger cats and a low entrance opening for smaller cats. The Pura Max also has a weight sensor with a readout so you can track your cat’s weight ...
Simply Natural Tofu: The Best Non-Tracking Litter. (4.6) One of the best products we’ve tested. No dust, no tracking, absorbs liquids and clumps well and controls odour. Oh, and it’s safe for cats to eat! Check Price. Or Read Our Review. 6. …. Restaurants in new haven connecticut
Your need for speed has a hefty price tag. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters and promotions from Money and its partners. I agree to Money's Terms of Use and Priv...Jan 22, 2024 · 2. Purina Yesterday's News Paper Kitten Litter. WHY YOU SHOULD BUY. Purina Yesterday's News Kitten Litter. This litter promises to be paw-friendly and 99.7% dust-free litter particles so it's more comfortable and safer for tiny kittens. Highly absorbent, unscented; gentle on even sensitive paws. Overall Best Cheap Cat Litter. Frisco Fresh Scent Multi-Cat Clumping Cat Litter. Yesterday’s News Original Formula Cat Litter. Arm & Hammer Litter Super Scoop Fresh Clean Scent Clumping Litter. 5 More Top Cheaper Cat Litter Picks. Scoop Away Multi-Cat Meadow Fresh Scent Clumping Cat Litter. Tidy Cats Scoop Instant Action …In conclusion, kitty litter does expire, and it is important to store it properly to prolong its shelf life. Look out for signs of expiration such as strong odors, clumping issues, changes in color, and moisture. Store your litter in a dry, sealed container away from extreme temperatures, and use it before the expiration date to ensure that it ...Cat Litter Mat, Litter Trapping Mat Soft on Kitty Paws, 35" x 24" Kitten Litter Box Mat for Cleaner Floors, Waterproof, Easy Clean, Durable Large Size Cat Litter Pad for Kitten. 4.6 out of 5 stars 568. 1K+ bought in past month. $13.99 $ 13. 99. 10% coupon applied at checkout Save 10% Details.There are two main types of clay cat litter: clumping and non-clumping. Clumping cat litter is often preferred by many cat owners who like to scoop the urine …By Paige Cerulli May 21, 2021. Whether you’ve just brought home a new kitten or are helping a mama cat care for her litter of kittens, it’s important to create a safe environment for them. A litter box is an …Jul 12, 2023 · Cost Effectiveness (10/10): At under $1.00 per pound, this is an exceptional price for cat litter. Customer Feedback (7/10): Over 2,000 people have reviewed this litter, which is a good number but nowhere near the most we have seen. They give this cat litter an average of 4.4 stars. Here is a quick summary: Kittens should start eating solid food around 4 weeks and should be fully weaned off their mother’s milk and onto kitten food by 7 or 8 weeks of age. A kitten’s diet should be …The average length of time between a cat’s last estrus, or heat, cycle and the birth of her kittens is between 60 and 65 days. It could, however, be as short as 58 days or as long ...Discover the best pet food, supplies & accessories for your dog, cat, birds and hamster at our online store! Explore our wide range of products for your furry friend's needs. With fast delivery and a comprehensive selection, we cater to pet owners in Sri Lanka and beyond. From dog/cat food to pet accessories, our online pet shop offers convenience and …Use a large enough box to comfortably hold the mother cat and her kittens. Stack clean towels to line it. The towels will become soiled quickly as the kittens defecate. It will be easiest to remove the top towel to reveal a clean layer. Keep the mother cat's litter box, food, and water bowls close by..